The Ink that Ousted Chains: How Enslaved African Muslims Used Faith and Literacy to Resist When historians estimate that somewhere between one in ten and one in three Africans forced into American slavery practiced Islam, it reframes a piece of history most people never learn in school. These were not converts encountering a foreign religion in the New World. They arrived already literate in Arabic, already trained in Quranic recitation and Islamic law, carrying an intellectual and spiritual tradition that slaveholders had no framework for understanding. That gap between what…
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